《MySQL高级》索引分析和优化笔记(下)

学习《MySQL高级》高阳老师讲解索引课程的笔记,本篇侧重对 order by 排序分析

建表

# 建表
CREATE TABLE tblA(
#id int primary key not null autp_increment,
age int,
birth timestamp not null
);

insert into tblA(age,birth) values(22,now());
insert into tblA(age,birth) values(23,now());
insert into tblA(age,birth) values(24,now());

# 建立复合索引
CREATE INDEX idx_A_ageBirth on tblA(age,birth);

select * from tblA;

Order By 优化(索引分析)

由于本表中只有两个字段 age, birth,复合索引都覆盖了,所以 select * 就相当于 select age, birth, 查询直接走索引,不需要回表。此处仅关注排序(order by)是否会出现文件排序(filesort)

1.1 explain select * from tblA where age > 20 order by age;

+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys  | key            | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tblA  | NULL       | index | idx_A_ageBirth | idx_A_ageBirth | 9       | NULL |    3 |   100.00 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+

排序用到了 age 字段的索引,不会出现filesort。

1.2 explain select * from tblA where age > 20 order by age, birth;

+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys  | key            | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tblA  | NULL       | index | idx_A_ageBirth | idx_A_ageBirth | 9       | NULL |    3 |   100.00 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+

排序,age, birth 符合复合索引顺序,所以排序用到了age, birth 两个字段的索引,不会出现filesort。

*1.3 explain select * from tblA where age > 20 order by birth;

+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys  | key            | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                    |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tblA  | NULL       | index | idx_A_ageBirth | idx_A_ageBirth | 9       | NULL |    3 |   100.00 | Using where; Using index; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+

查询时用到了 age 字段的索引;
排序时,由于 age 是范围,范围后面全失效,所以不能走 age, birth 索引进行排序,那么就会出现filesort。

若 age 是个等值查询,排序时就不会出现filesort。见下面语句:

mysql> explain select * from tblA where age = 22 order by birth;
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------+----------------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys  | key            | key_len | ref   | rows | filtered | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------+----------------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tblA  | NULL       | ref  | idx_A_ageBirth | idx_A_ageBirth | 5       | const |    1 |   100.00 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+------+----------------+----------------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+

1.4 explain select * from tblA where age > 20 order by birth, age;

+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys  | key            | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                    |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tblA  | NULL       | index | idx_A_ageBirth | idx_A_ageBirth | 9       | NULL |    3 |   100.00 | Using where; Using index; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+----------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+

排序时,由于 birth, age 不符合复合索引的顺序,所以会出现filesort。

2.1 explain select * from tblA order by birth;

+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key            | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tblA  | NULL       | index | NULL          | idx_A_ageBirth | 9       | NULL |    3 |   100.00 | Using index; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+

排序时,仅有birth,会出现filesort。

2.2 explain select * from tblA where birth > ‘2016-01-28 00:00:00’ order by birth;

+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key            | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                                    |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tblA  | NULL       | index | NULL          | idx_A_ageBirth | 9       | NULL |    3 |    33.33 | Using where; Using index; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+------------------------------------------+

排序时,where 和 order by 的字段顺序不符合复合索引顺序,会出现文件排序。

*2.3 explain select * from tblA where birth > ‘2016-01-28 00:00:00’ order by age;

+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key            | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                    |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tblA  | NULL       | index | NULL          | idx_A_ageBirth | 9       | NULL |    3 |    33.33 | Using where; Using index |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+

排序时,where 和 order by 的字段顺序经过优化器优化后符合符合索引的顺序,不会出现文件排序。

*2.4 explain select * from tblA order by age asc, birth desc;

+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type  | possible_keys | key            | key_len | ref  | rows | filtered | Extra                       |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+
|  1 | SIMPLE      | tblA  | NULL       | index | NULL          | idx_A_ageBirth | 9       | NULL |    3 |   100.00 | Using index; Using filesort |
+----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+----------------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------------+

排序时,order by 的字段 age、birth 虽然符合符合索引顺序,但是 age 按升序、birth 按降序,这样无法利用索引排序,会出现文件排序。若 age、birth 同升或同降,则不会出现文件排序。

Order By 无法使用索引时的优化

如果 Order By 用不上索引的话,就会出现 filesort。filesort 有两种算法:双路排序单路排序

双路排序

MySQL4.1之前是使用双路排序,字面意思就是两次扫描磁盘,最终得到数据,

读取行指针和 orderby 列,对他们进行排序,然后扫描已经排序好的列表,按照列表中的值重新从列表中读取对应的数据输出。从磁盘取排序字段,在buffer进行排序, 再从磁盘取其他字段。

取一批数据,要对磁盘进行了两次扫描,众所周知,I/O是很耗时的,所以在mysql4.1之后,出现了第二种改进的算法,就是单路排序。

单路排序

从磁盘读取查询需要的所有列,按照order by列在buffer对它们进行排序,然后扫描排序后的列表进行输出,它的效率更快些,避免了第二次读取数据。并且把随机IO变成了顺序IO,但是它会使用更多的空间,因为它把每一行都保存在内存中了。

一般来说单路排序更好,但也会出现问题。这是为什么?

在sort_buffer中, 单路排序多路排序要多占用很多空间,因为单路排序是把所有字段都取出,所以有可能取出的数据的总大小超出了sort_buffer的容量,导致每次只能取sort_ buffer容量大小的数据,进行排序(创建tmp文件,多路合并),排完再取sort_buffer容量大小,再排…从而多次I/O。

本来想省一次I/O操作,反而导致了大量的I/O操作,反而得不偿失。

如何优化?通过增加 sort_buffer_size 容量和max_length_for_sort_data

提高Order By的速度

1.Order by 时 select * 是一个大忌,只查需要的字段,这点非常重要。在这里的影响是:

1.1当Query的字段大小总和小于 max_length_for_sort_data 而且排序字段不是TEXT|BLOB类型时,会用改进后的算法——单路排序,否则用老算法——多路排序。

1.2两种算法的数据都有可能超出sort_buffer的容量, 超出之后,会创建tmp文件进行合并排序,导致多次I/O, 但是用单路排序算法的风险会更大一些,所以要提高sort_buffer_size。

2.尝试提高 sort_buffer_size

不管用哪种算法,提高这个参数都会提高效率,当然,要根据系统的能力去提高,因为这个参数是针对每个进程的。

3.尝试提高 max_length_for_sort_data

提高这个参数,会增加用改进算法的概率。但是如果设的太高,数据总容量超出sort_buffer_size的概率就增大,明显症状是高的磁盘I/O活动和低的处理器使用率。

Group By 优化

1.Gourp By 实际上是先排序再分组,遵守复合索引的最佳左前缀原则;

2.当无法使用索引列时,也需要像 Order By 一样,增加 max_length_for_sort_data 和 sort_buffer_size;

3.where 先于 having,尽量用 where 进行条件过滤。

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  2. explain + 分析慢SQL
  3. show profile 查询SQL在MySQL服务器里面的执行细节和生命周期情况
  4. MySQL 服务器参数调优(DBA)

[参考]

B站《MySQL高级》48.MySQL高级_为排序使用索引OrderBy优化
MySQL高级篇(高阳)建表sql语句大全